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<title>Our World in Data - Environmental Impacts of Food Production</title>
<subtitle>Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems</subtitle>
<id>https://ourworldindata.org/</id>
<link type="text/html" rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org"/>
<link type="application/atom+xml" rel="self" href="https://ourworldindata.org/atom.xml?topics=Environmental%20Impacts%20of%20Food%20Production"/>
<updated>2026-04-20T00:00:00.000Z</updated>
<entry>
    <title>Most people care about farm animals — our food system doesn&apos;t reflect that</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/most-people-care-about-farm-animals-our-food-system-doesnt-reflect-that</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/most-people-care-about-farm-animals-our-food-system-doesnt-reflect-that"/>
    <published>2026-04-20T00:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Pablo Rosado</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Surveys worldwide show that most people find common animal farming practices unacceptable, even where meat consumption is high.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/most-people-care-about-farm-animals-our-food-system-doesnt-reflect-that"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e8c1792e-598e-4cd7-7a1a-309ed38b3800/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Most food is transported by boat, so food miles are a relatively small part of the carbon footprint of most diets</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-food-is-transported-by-boat-so-food-miles-are-a-relatively-small-part-of-the-carbon-footprint-of-most-diets</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-food-is-transported-by-boat-so-food-miles-are-a-relatively-small-part-of-the-carbon-footprint-of-most-diets"/>
    <published>2025-04-28T04:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-food-is-transported-by-boat-so-food-miles-are-a-relatively-small-part-of-the-carbon-footprint-of-most-diets"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3896e275-b14c-401d-6177-1c7322358900/w=608"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Most carbon emissions from food miles are produced by trucks on the road</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-carbon-emissions-from-food-miles-are-produced-by-trucks-on-the-road</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-carbon-emissions-from-food-miles-are-produced-by-trucks-on-the-road"/>
    <published>2024-11-18T04:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/most-carbon-emissions-from-food-miles-are-produced-by-trucks-on-the-road"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/22209722-a019-46b1-b803-b19fca95d900/w=608"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>What are the trade-offs between animal welfare and the environmental impact of meat?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-the-trade-offs-between-animal-welfare-and-the-environmental-impact-of-meat</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-the-trade-offs-between-animal-welfare-and-the-environmental-impact-of-meat"/>
    <published>2024-06-10T08:36:43.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Eating meat with a lower carbon footprint often means killing more animals and treating them more poorly.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/what-are-the-trade-offs-between-animal-welfare-and-the-environmental-impact-of-meat"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/14dd064c-9c50-409e-dd5c-dd5f79761100/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>How effective are policies in reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/effective-policies-reducing-environmental-impacts-agriculture</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/effective-policies-reducing-environmental-impacts-agriculture"/>
    <published>2024-04-22T14:25:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[All countries now have policies, but not all work as intended. Some drive trade-offs or lead to spillover impacts elsewhere, but there are many examples of successful stories.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/effective-policies-reducing-environmental-impacts-agriculture"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6d64ff5-6272-4c5a-2b86-c06b3f7b5900/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Environmental Impacts of Food Production</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food"/>
    <published>2022-12-02T15:52:13.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author><author><name>Pablo Rosado</name></author><author><name>Max Roser</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[What are the environmental impacts of food production? How do we reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c9cc1e17-90c3-4d00-6a3b-1e1ceccfc800/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>What share of people say they are vegetarian, vegan, or flexitarian?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/vegetarian-vegan</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/vegetarian-vegan"/>
    <published>2022-05-13T09:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Edouard Mathieu</name></author><author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Most people still eat some meat, but surveys suggest that many are adopting a diet with less animal products.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/vegetarian-vegan"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6dac47e5-516c-4a7b-8b20-ca933dba9000/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>FAQs on the environmental impacts of food</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/faqs-environmental-impacts-food</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/faqs-environmental-impacts-food"/>
    <published>2022-02-07T15:29:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Common questions on data on the environmental footprint of foods<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/faqs-environmental-impacts-food"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cb86ca02-0e94-4f13-9856-40287f13af00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Dairy vs. plant-based milk: what are the environmental impacts?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impact-milks</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impact-milks"/>
    <published>2022-01-19T08:10:35.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[A growing number of people are interested in switching to plant-based alternatives to dairy. But are they better for the environment, and which is best?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impact-milks"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74eea30e-0894-4653-70f8-db9c1840bd00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Emissions from food alone could use up all of our budget for 1.5°C or 2°C – but we have a range of opportunities to avoid this</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/food-emissions-carbon-budget</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-emissions-carbon-budget"/>
    <published>2021-06-10T10:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[If we want to meet our global climate targets we need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food. What options do we have?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-emissions-carbon-budget"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/42c74cd8-3e37-405d-0441-b649fcbf6f00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>What are the carbon opportunity costs of our food?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-opportunity-costs-food</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-opportunity-costs-food"/>
    <published>2021-03-19T11:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[What are the carbon opportunity costs of our diet? How much carbon could we store by regrowing forests and wild habitats on existing farmland?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-opportunity-costs-food"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3c199611-17c3-49bd-144e-e752f3202600/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>How much of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions-food</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions-food"/>
    <published>2021-03-18T12:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Estimates of food emissions can range from one-quarter to one-third. Where do these differences come from?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions-food"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/54b125d7-7d56-4771-43f5-f80a919fc300/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>How do the carbon footprints of foods compare? Our article as a video.</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/vox-carbon-footprint</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/vox-carbon-footprint"/>
    <published>2020-05-14T09:47:53.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Which foods have the highest and lowest carbon footprint?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/vox-carbon-footprint"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e038fe4c-aa46-4a1d-08c9-50aa5f03fe00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Food waste is responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/food-waste-emissions</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-waste-emissions"/>
    <published>2020-03-18T10:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Food waste accounts for around one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions from food. That's 6% of total global emissions.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-waste-emissions"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7f96b180-6826-402c-04f5-d11379204f00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane"/>
    <published>2020-03-10T11:27:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[How we treat the climate impacts of methane matters a lot for the carbon footprint of foods. But even if we exclude methane, meat and dairy products emit the most.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f715a8b1-3243-4f41-8b8a-e51d4b4f4500/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Very little of global food is transported by air; this greatly reduces the climate benefits of eating local</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/food-transport-by-mode</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-transport-by-mode"/>
    <published>2020-01-28T09:30:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Transporting food by plane can come with a large carbon footprint. But very little of our food travels this way – just 0.16% of food miles are from air travel.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-transport-by-mode"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9dba70da-eaa0-459a-1e77-1e4f6b53e000/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Half of the world’s habitable land is used for agriculture</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture"/>
    <published>2019-11-11T09:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author><author><name>Max Roser</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[More than three-quarters of global agricultural land is used for livestock, despite meat and dairy making up a much smaller share of the world's protein and calories.<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/1cfcfe65-881c-425f-8f3b-d2796da83900/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions"/>
    <published>2019-11-06T17:00:00.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[One-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture. What are the main contributors to food's emissions?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4856b7da-8b2a-4218-7a2f-e18304c85200/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
<entry>
    <title>What are the environmental impacts of food and agriculture?</title>
    <id>https://ourworldindata.org/env-impacts-of-food</id>
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://ourworldindata.org/env-impacts-of-food"/>
    <published>2019-11-04T11:00:05.000Z</published>
    <author><name>Hannah Ritchie</name></author>
    <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Feeding the  world whilst reducing food's impact on the environment is one of our greatest challenges in the coming decades. What are food's environmental impacts?<br/><br/><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/env-impacts-of-food"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/610abc56-4ef7-463d-f911-fba4be0b1d00/w=512"/></a>]]></summary>
</entry>
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